Anno Bib Draft 2

Annotated Bibliography

Work Cited:

Source 1:

Birgit Friedmann-Bette, et al. "Rapid Weight Loss And The Body Fluid Balance And Hemoglobin Mass Of Elite Amateur Boxers." Journal Of Athletic Training 48.1 (2013): 109-117. SPORTDiscus. Web. 19 Sept. 2013

In this scholarly source the journal of athletic training in January and February, sought to research effects of cutting to lower weight classes on the body, and how dehydration plays a key factor. They looked at amateur-elite boxers in a case-study environment. There were 17 boxers in total, between ages 17 and 22, between 55kg and 74kg. There were two groups, the weight loss group, and the control group. The weight loss group used methods of dehydration, starvation, and intense exercise and sweating to lose weight. The control group underwent their normal training and pre-competition routines. Tests were run to see blood level, water level in the body, water level in the cells, and plasma volume in each individual. In the case with the control group, all tests provided the same results from first test to second, however with weight loss group, losing 4-7% of their body mass lead to led to decreases in total body water 5.1-6.9%, extracellular water 5.4-18%, blood volume 5.5-9.7%, and plasma volume 5-13%. The author proved what their set out looking for, which was to show that a losing 5-6% of your body mass with a short period of time, may lead to severe dehydration.

This article is of relevance to my research because it shows a case-study which is most like the only example to provide information on athletes cutting weight and one aspect of side effects. The aspect that they are revealing is one of the negative physical effects cutting weight can impose on someone. Dehydration can lead to serious fatigue, drowsiness, and even death. This article is one of many I will search for that reveals the dangers cutting weight imposes on athletes, not just physically, but mentally and emotionally.

Source 2:

JJ Kopchick, et al. "The Effects Of Weight Cycling On Lifespan In Male C57BL/6J Mice." International Journal Of Obesity 37.8 (n.d.): 1088-1094. Science Citation Index. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

In this experiment, the scientists wanted to see with the rising rate of obesity, and how people will diet and rarely keep the weight off thus creating what is known as a weight cycle, how this weight cycle can affect your life expectancies. They used mice in this experiment and had three control groups, one group was fed a strictly low fat diet, one group was fed a strictly high fat diet, and one group was fed alternating between high and low fat diets. The factors that they assessed were body weight, body composition, several blood parameters, and lifespan. The diets they were given were lifelong, and the alternating group switched diets every 4 weeks.

Their results were the cycling group experienced large fluctuations in body weight, fat mass, and in leptin, resistin, GIP, glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance. However, the cycled mice suffered no significant loss in lifespan compared to the low fat diet mice, while the high fat diet mice suffered a nearly 30% decrease in lifespan. In conclusion this shows that although not as beneficial as always eating healthy, the effect of evenly proportioning your diet between high and low fat is a much healthier outcome than never trying a healthy diet at all. This connects to my research in the aspect of although dieting like this is not as healthy as keeping the weight off, it still is a healthier option to try to lose weight even if you are going to put in back on, as long as you continue this cycle. Although this is with respect to lifespan length, I believe health problems may still occur and develop during weight fluctuations, and I will further research this topic.

Source 3: Jockey Study

Giles D.2 Warrington, et al. "The Impact Of Making Weight On Physiological And Cognitive Processes In Elite Jockeys." International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism 23.4 (2013): 399-408. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

The purpose of this study was explore the effects of making weight on aerobic work capacity and cognitive processing in a group of jockeys. The method they used was they took 18 jockeys, each pair with a similar age and BMI, and they were asked to cut 4% of their body weight in between two experimental trials. The results showed that after cutting a large amount of their body weight in a short period of time, left them dehydrated and with a lower capacity for aerobic work, hindering racing abilities.

This is useful toward my research because it does show that cutting weight in a short period of time for an athletic event might hinder your performance, in this instance though is the loss in performance worth the gain from losing the weight? Will cutting that same amount of weight, however over a longer period of time be more beneficial and not leave someone as dehydrated, increasing performance? If so how long is an acceptable amount of time to lose 4% of your body mass?

Source 4:

Don P. M. MacLaren, et al. "Making The Weight: A Case Study From Professional Boxing." International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism 20.1 (2010): 80-85. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Sept. 2013..

This source also attempted to show the amount of dehydration coupled with cutting weight in “combat sports” and how this dehydration relates to both actual performance and real-life settings. This article provides a case-study account outlining a more structured and gradual approach to helping a professional male boxer make weight for the 59-kg super featherweight division. For a twelve week period one boxer was given a specific diet that was slightly under the caloric intake he needed in order to make weight, after making weight he was then given a high carbohydrate diet with a “suggested hydration process”. They concluded that with willpower and determination this healthier method will eliminate any health risks from severe dehydration.

In respect to my research this source has beneficial information. This study shows a long term example and the benefits that gradually losing weight can possess as opposed to quickly cutting the majority of the weight in a shorter period. However my research is more focused on athletes that do not have the opportunity to use twelve weeks to lose their weight and it is still limited to what is considered “one cutting period”.

Source 5:

M Shepanski, et al. "Preliminary Investigation: The Impact Of The NCAA Wrestling Weight Certification Program On Weight Cutting." Journal Of Strength & Conditioning Research (Allen Press Publishing Services Inc.) 16.2 (2002): 305-307. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

Background information; historically, wrestling is a sport dependent on weight, three tragic deaths in late 1997 prompted the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to make a Wrestling Weight Certification Program (WWCP) mandatory to create a safe competitive environment. This attempted to help curtail the amount of weight wrestlers were cutting. The amount of weight lost during the first week of weight loss in 1998-1999 season was much greater than the amount of weight lost during the 1999-2000 season, meaning that the wrestlers learned that they must gradually lose their weight in this new system, instead of cutting in all the first week of the season.

The significance of this article is this is one of the first instances in colligate wrestling where weight cutting is trying to be regulated. It shows that in one year three people died from extreme cuts showing the dangers from cutting and that with regulation both losing weight and staying healthy is possible.

Source 6:

Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn, and Ina Garthe. "Elite Athletes In Aesthetic And Olympic Weight-Class Sports And The Challenge Of Body Weight And Body Composition." Journal Of Sports Sciences 29.Suppl. 1, Sp. Iss. SI (2011): S101-S114. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

This article discusses how the use of dieting, rapid weight loss, and frequent weight fluctuation among athletes competing in weight-class and leanness sports have been considered a problem for years, but the extent of the problem and the health and performance consequences have yet to be fully examined. They included these are potential health risks and deficiencies for extreme dieting: Dehydration, Inadequate intake of macro- and micronutrients, Cognitive function and psychological factors, increased stress and impaired immune function, Metabolic changes, Long-term mental exhaustion, and eating disorders.

This article shows how apparent and common in professional sports, and the amount of athletes participate in extreme dieting. It also shows the correlation between the amount cut and the different types of health risks that may occur and is a good foundation for facts in my research.

Source 7:

Antonio Herbert, Jr. Lancha, et al. "Prevalence, Magnitude, And Methods Of Rapid Weight Loss Among Judo Competitors." Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise 42.3 (n.d.): 436-442. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

In this source the authors create a questionnaire for 802 male and female judo competitors over the age of 12, randomly given to judo competitors from all different age groups, weight classes, and regions of the world. They used a Portuguese version of the Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire which was a questionnaire developed to survey wrestlers. The results were collected and formed into data tables, most competitors (86%) reported that they would lose weight rapidly in order to be able to compete.

This source is great for my research because it shows on a very large scale the mentality of athletes, not only in one “cutting period” but in a whole season. 86% of competitors cut weight in a rapid setting means that most athletes probably think along the same lines that the lower weight the better. The large scale of this source also helps to remove outliers or specific cases that the smaller research groups show.

Source 8:

"American College Of Sports Medicine Position Stand: Weight Loss In Wrestlers." Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise 28.(1996): ix-xii. Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 29 Sept. 2013

This source is about the position and feeling of the American College of Sports Medicine on cutting weight for wrestlers and what effects both short term and long term it imposes on the physical and mental health on them. They go on to say, “The weight loss practiced by wrestlers has been a concern of educators, health professionals, exercise scientists, and parents for more than 50 years. Wrestlers practice weight loss techniques, which result in reductions in body water, glycogen, lean tissue, and a small amount of fat, in the belief that their chances of competitive success will increase”. They offer six recommendations to improve knowledge on skill acquisition, fitness enhancement, psychological preparation, and the social interactions offered by wrestling.

This article provides insight on not just one medical official’s point of view toward this subject, but an entire college of medicine’s opinion and stand toward the subject at hand. Obviously it is not healthy the ways wrestlers cut weight, however the specifics are explored and revealed through expert opinions in this article helping to visualize the latent effects of cutting weight.

Source 9:

Cohen, Philip. "Poisonous Fat." New Scientist 161.2171 (1999): 13. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

This article investigates the effect of frequent fluctuations in body fat on blood toxicity and health. “The phenomenon of toxins trapped in body fat which will be constantly re-released in the systems of inconsistent `yo-yo' dieters”. This was discovered in the famous Biosphere II experiment where subjects entered a dome structure for two years in order to see if life was sustainable underneath a dome.

This article explores and exposes some dangers that may occur while fluctuating in weight. This article discusses how toxics can be locked up into fat cells and released while losing the weight and the more frequent you fluctuate in weight the more toxins that may be released into your blood stream. This is important to my research because it shows a negative effect of extreme dieting and the potential health risks that could occur from it.

Source 10:

Kelly D. Brownell, et al. "Eating, Weight, And Dieting Disturbances In Male And Female Lightweight And Heavyweight Rowers." International Journal Of Eating Disorders 14.2 (1993): 203-211. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

This article discussed rowers and their experience with weight loss and cutting weight. The author states “Rowers compete in a sport that allows comparison of male and female athletes and where some (lightweight) but not other (heavyweights) must meet specific weight criteria. Eating attitudes, dieting patterns, weight fluctuation, and methods of weight loss were evaluated in 162 rowers; 82 heavyweights (56 females, 26 males) and 80 lightweights (17 females, 63 males). Females displayed more disturbed eating practices and weight control methods than did males”. He goes on to say that lightweights don’t cut as much weight, but because of their lower body fat mass they implement more extreme methods of cutting weight.

This article is significant because like judo it explores and assesses females who cut weight, and in this case instead of trying to make a certain weight class, rowers are attempting to just reach the lowest weight they possible can in order to compete better. The main reason this article is important is exactly what the author says in the abstract, “These results indicate that rowing can join the growing list of sports where eating and weight disturbances may be present”, meaning that this is now the sixth sport I have found in my research that weight loss leads to dehydration and potential health risks, and the methods used to cut weight is both unhealthy but could lead to a worse performance, and where a large percent of the athletes in the sport cut weight in the mentality that less is more.

Source 11:

Steen, Suzanne Nelson, Robert A. Oppliger, and Kelly D. Brownell. "Metabolic Effects Of Repeated Weight Loss And Regain In Adolescent Wrestlers." JAMA: Journal Of The American Medical Association 260.(1988): 47-50. General Science Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

This study examined resting metabolic rate in adolescent wrestlers to test the hypothesis that repeated cycles of weight loss and regain would be associated with reduced energy requirements. The author states “Repeated cycles of weight loss and regain can increase food efficiency, defined as the degree of weight change per unit of food intake, in animals. Many wrestlers lose weight repeatedly as they "cut weight" for matches. This cycle of weight loss and regain may affect their resting metabolism”, basically showing that even after you finish cutting weight, your body has naturally adjusted to the lack of caloric intake and now makes it more efficient and you need less food. As this happens and the wrestler needs to lose more weight, they must consume less and less food and exercise more in order to achieve the same state.

This study is important for a few reasons. Although I have already found sources about wrestling and their cutting, this article discusses a factor that reoccurring cuts can have a constant negative effect on. It also deals with younger children instead of college athletes and if they develop health risks at such a young age it could plague them for their entire lives. Lastly from a personal experience this is important because as I cut weight I could feel my diet becoming less and less food and I would become less hungry, and even now almost a year after I finished wrestling I still remind close to my weight I was week to week and I eat less than I did before my previous season